REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NOS. 174-175 OF 2016
(Arising out of S.L.P. (Civil) Nos.24809-24810 of 2008)
L. GOWRAMMA (D) BY LR. APPELLANT
VERSUS
SUNANDA (D) BY LRS. & ANR. RESPONDENTS
J U D G M E N T
R.F. Nariman, J.
Delay condoned in filing the special leave petitions.
Leave granted.
3. These appeals raise an interesting question on the true construction
of some of the provisions of the Hindu Law Women’s Rights Act, 1933 (Mysore
Act No.X of 1933). One Venkatsubbaiah had two sons Mahabalaiah and
Thimmappa. After the death of Venkatsubbaiah, the two sons and the wife
of Mahabalaiah constituted a joint Hindu family. Mahabalaiah being the
elder brother was the Karta of the said family. In the year 1940-1941,
Mahabalaiah and Thimmappa partitioned and divided their joint family
properties and got possession of their respective shares. Thimmappa died
on 9.10.1952, leaving behind him his widow one Gowramma and three
daughters. The widow has executed a will on 9.5.1990 bequeathing her share
in the joint family property in favour of only one of the three daughters
namely the third defendant. The 4th defendant has been joined in the suit
inasmuch as the first defendant widow had sold one of the scheduled items
of the suit property namely item No.3 to the said 4th defendant during the
pendency of the suit.
4. One of the said daughters namely Sunanda filed a suit against
defendant No.1 – her mother, defendant Nos. 2 and 3 – her sisters, and
defendant No.4 – the purchaser, being O.S. No.46 of 1994. After setting
out the relevant facts, the Civil Judge, Senior Division by judgment dated
28.3.2005 framed as many as 12 issues and ultimately decided on application
of Section 10(2)(g) of the 1933 Act that the plaintiff would be entitled to
a 1/4th share in the scheduled properties and the suit was decreed
accordingly.
5. In a first appeal filed by defendant No.1, the first Appellate Court
agreed with the conclusions both on facts as well as law with the trial
court. Accordingly, the first appeal was dismissed on 5.8.2005.
6. Thereafter, a review petition was filed and by the judgment dated
24.11.2007, the review was dismissed but this time adverting to Section
8(1)(d) of the 1933 Act and decreeing the suit with reference to the said
Section. The review also was accordingly dismissed.
7. Shri R.S. Hegde, learned counsel appearing on behalf of the appellant
has urged before us that the applicable Section of the 1933 Act is Section
4, and not Sections 8 and 10, and accordingly the succession of a Hindu
male dying intestate vests property only in the widow to the exclusion of
the daughters and hence the plaintiff’s suit should have been dismissed on
this ground.
8. On the other hand, Shri S.N. Bhat, learned counsel, invited our
attention to Section 8(1)(d) of the Act and according to him since joint
family property passed to Thimmappa who was a single coparcener by
survivorship, on partition in 1940-1941, all the classes of females
mentioned in Section 8 would be entitled to a share in the said property
which would include not only his widow but also his unmarried daughters.
9. For a proper appreciation of the controversy at hand, we set out the
relevant Sections of the Hindu Law Women’s Rights Act, 1933 (Mysore Act
No.X of 1933).
“Part I
INHERITANCE
4. Order of succession:-
(1) The succession to a Hindu male dying intestate shall, in the first
place, vest in the members of the family of the propositus mentioned below,
and in the following order:-
i) the male issue to the third generation ;
ii) the widow ;
iii) daughters ;
iv) daughter’s sons
XXX XXX XXX
8. Certain females entitled to shares at partition-
(1) (a) At a partition of joint family property between a person and his
son or sons, his mother, his unmarried daughters and the widows and
unmarried daughters of his predeceased undivided sons and brothers who have
left no male issue shall be entitled to share with them.
(b) At a partition of joint family property among brothers, their mother,
their unmarried sisters and the widows and unmarried daughters of their
predeceased undivided brothers who have left no male issue shall be
entitled to share with them.
(c) Sub-sections (a) and (b) shall also apply mutatis mutandis to a
partition among other co-parceners in a joint family.
(d) Where joint family property passes to a single co-parcener by
survivorship, it shall so pass subject to the right to shares of the
classes of females enumerated in the above sub-sections.
XXX XXX XXX
.10. What is “stridhana” –
“Stridhana” means property of every description belonging to a Hindu
female, other than property in which she has, by law or under the terms of
an instrument, only a limited estate.
“Stridhana” includes :-
XXX XXX XXX XXX
(g) property taken by inheritance by a female from another female and
property taken by inheritance by a female from her husband or son, or from
a male relative connected by blood except when there is a daughter or
daughter’s son of the propositus alive at the time the property is so
inherited.
All gifts and payments other than or in addition to, or in excess of, the
customary presents of vessels, apparel and other articles of personal use
made to a bride or bridegroom in connection with their marriage or to their
parents or guardians or other person on their behalf, by the bridegroom,
bride or their relatives or friends, shall be the stridhana of the bride.”
10. A cursory reading of Section 8 would reveal that various females
mentioned in the Section would be entitled to a share of joint family
property in the circumstances mentioned therein. Under Sections 8(1)(a) to
8(1)(c) there has necessarily first to be a partition in the circumstances
mentioned in each of the said sub-sections whereas under sub-section (d)
what is required is that joint family properties should pass to a single
coparcener by survivorship. If this condition of sub-clause (d) is met,
then all the women mentioned in sub-clauses (a) to (c) would be entitled to
a share therein.
11. Shri Bhat relied upon a judgment delivered by B.P. Singh,J. in Byamma
v. Ramdev reported in I.L.R. 1991 KAR 3245. After setting out Section 8 of
the 1933 Act, it was held:-
“It is well settled that devolution of joint family property, which come to
the hands of a son from his father or grand-father or great-grand-father as
unobstructed heritage is governed by the Rule of Survivorship. A male
coparcener acquires right to such property by birth. This is different from
property that may come to the hands of a coparcener in which he has no
right by birth. This is what is known as obstructed heritage, and such
property devolve by succession and not by survivorship. Such a distinction
is well known in Hindu Law. Therefore, when Section 8(1)(d) of the Mysore
Act refers to the properties passing on to a single coparcener by
survivorship, it has reference to the ancestral properties which come to
his hands upon partition or otherwise.
It is also well settled that if a coparcener dies, his interest devolves
upon other coparceners by survivorship. As long as the joint family is in
existence, all the coparceners jointly own all the properties. Each
coparcener is a full owner of each property owned by the joint family. The
effect of partition is severance of status and, as a consequence, each
coparcener becomes entitled to separate possession and enjoyment of his
share in the joint family properties. Partition by itself does not create a
right because the right of a coparcener existed even before partition. It
only brings about demarcation of his interest with a right to separate
possession and enjoyment. It is therefore, not correct to state that when a
coparcener, upon partition, gets his share in the joint family properties,
it does not come to him by survivorship. The right which accrues to the
coparcener is by operation of the Rule of Survivorship and the partition
only demarcates his share in the joint family properties. As observed
earlier, unobstructed heritage always devolves by operation of the Rule of
Survivorship and there is no exception to this Rule. It has therefore been
held that where a father disposes of by a Will, his interest in the joint
family properties in favour of his son, the properties in the hands of the
son still retain the character of coparcenary property, and not self-
acquired property.
I, therefore, hold that the properties to which Chowdappa became entitled,
upon partition passed on to him by survivorship. I find no substance in the
contention raised on behalf of the respondents that it passed on to him by
reason of partition and not by survivorship.
In view of Section 8(1) of the Act, there can be no doubt that a single
coparcener such as Chowdappa took the ancestral property, subject to the
right to shares of female members of the joint family enumerated in Clauses
(a), (b) or (c) of Section 8(1) of the Mysore Act. The plaintiff, being a
widow of a pre-deceased son, was entitled to a share equal to one half of
the share to which her husband would have been entitled if he were alive
[vide Section 8(1) (a) of the Mysore Act]. I therefore hold that the
plaintiff is entitled to claim one half of the share which her husband
could have claimed if he was alive. In the instant case her husband would
have got half share in the properties in a partition between his father and
himself in the year 1946 when Chowdappa became a single coparcener.
Consequently, she is entitled to 1/4th share in the suit schedule
properties.” (at para nos.10, 11, 12 and 17)
12. Unfortunately for Shri Bhat, this Court in Sathyaprema Manjunatha
Gowda (Smt) v. Controller of Estate Duty, Karnataka, (1997) 10 SCC 684, has
taken a view which is directly contrary to the view of the single Judge of
the Karnataka High Court.
13. In Sathyaprema’s case (supra), the question posed was whether in the
facts and circumstances of the case the Tribunal was correct in holding
that neither the unmarried daughter nor the wife of the deceased had any
interest in the joint family property of the deceased while he was alive.
This Court stated that the only question for consideration is whether the
estate left by the husband and father of the widow and unmarried daughter
respectively on partition was obtained by survivorship applying Section
8(1)(d) of the Act.
14. This Court exhaustively discussed the meaning of the expressions
“survivor” and “survivorship” and ultimately held:-
“Here, we are concerned with Manjunatha Gowda who had obtained property at
a partition with coparceners. Survivorship, therefore, is the living of one
of two or more persons after the death of the others having interest to
succeed in the property by succession. The shares in the coparcenery
property changes with death or birth of other coparceners. However, in the
case of survivorship it is not of the same incidence. He received the
property at the partition without there being any other coparcener. It is
an individual property and, therefore, he did not receive it by
survivorship but by virtue of his status being a coparcener of the Hindu
Joint Family along with his father and brothers.
Under these circumstances, the conclusion reached by the High Court that
since it is by partition, not by survivorship, clause (d) of sub-section
(1) of Section 8 does not get attracted, is not (sic) correct. No doubt,
the learned counsel relied upon the judgment of this Court in Nagendra
Prasad v. Kempananjamma [AIR 1968 SC 209] which was also considered by the
High Court in the impugned judgment. This Court therein has explained that
the object of Section 8(1)(d) is to give a right to claim a share in the
joint family property to all females referred to in clauses (a) to (c)
thereof. Merely because partition by one of the coparceners under clauses
(a) to (c) is a condition for a class of family members entitled to a share
in the property, it does not apply to a case where class of family members
entitled under clause 8(1)(d) since it stands altogether on a different
footing and, therefore, partition is not a condition precedent for claiming
a share by a class of family members enumerated in Section 8(1)(a) of the
Act. But that principle has no bearing to the facts in this case for the
reason that the property held was not received by survivorship.
Under these circumstances, family members enumerated under Section
8(1)(d) are not entitled to a share in the estate left by the deceased.
Thus we do not find any illegality in the view taken by the High Court
warranting interference.” (at paragraph nos.13-15)
15. In fact, this follows from a reading of Section 8. Whereas Sections
8(1)(a)(b) and (c) refers to a partition among coparceners in a joint
family, sub-section (d) refers to property passing to a single coparcener
only by survivorship. In this behalf, in Nagendra Prasad v. Kempananjamma,
[1968] 1 SCR 124, this Court by a majority judgment held:-
“This intention can only be given effect to on the basis that clause (d)
does not restrict itself to finding out females on the basis of an assumed
partition between the last two male coparceners. It is significant that
clause (d) gives a right independently of a partition and we do not see why
its scope should be restricted by assuming a partition.” (at page No.128).
16. In fact, even the dissenting Judge held:-
“Clause (d) applies to a case when the family property passes by
survivorship to a sole surviving coparcener. In such a case there can be no
partition, as is the case under clause (a) or (b) or (c). Indeed, the
property becomes incapable of partition and but for clause (d) no female
relative would have any right to a share. To save such a result clause (d)
provides that the rights of the female relatives should not be lost only by
reason of the property passing to the sole surviving coparcener. Sub-
section 5, furthermore, gives such female relatives as fall under sub-
section 1 a right to have their shares separated and thus makes them co-
sharers subject to whose rights the sole surviving coparcener takes the
property. Therefore, whereas under clauses (a), (b) and (c) the rights
fluctuate according to the position of the female relatives in the family
when the partition takes place there is no such uncertainty in the case
falling under clause (d) as the sole surviving coparcener takes the
property subject to the right to shares of female relatives falling under
the provisions of clause (a) or (b) or (c). Such is the scheme of Section
8(1).”
17. The dissenting Judge basically dissented on the point that under sub-
clause (d), a partition has to be assumed because it is only on such
assumption that females on whom a right to share is conferred can be
ascertained. It is clear, therefore, that Section 8(1)(d) can have no
application to a case where joint family property passes to a single
coparcener not by survivorship but by partition.
A recent view of Section 8(1)(d) in Smt. Ramakka and others v. Smt.
Thanamma since deceased by LR, P. Srinivas and Others, ILR 2014 Karnataka
1335, has been taken by a Division Bench of the Karnataka High Court.
While construing Section 8(1)(d), the Division Bench has held:-
“When the coparcenary property passes to a sole surviving coparcener,
provision has been made in clause (d) of Section 8(1). This clause, in
protecting the rights of females, had necessarily to give females the right
to share in the coparcenary property even if there be no partition at all,
because, on passing of property to a sole surviving coparcener, there could
not possibly be any partition sought by the male members of the coparcenary
body. The right conferred by clause (d) is, therefore, an independent
right and not connected with the rights granted to the females under
clauses (a), (b) and (c). The females who are to get benefit are all those
to whom a right to a share in the joint family property would have accrued
if there had been a partition either under clause (a), or clause (b) or
clause (c). The language of clause (d) has to be interpreted as laying
down that right to shares will vest in all females of the joint Hindu
family who would have possibly received the right to a share if at any
earlier time there had been partition in the family in any of the three
manners laid down in clauses (a), (b) and (c). It is significant that
clause (d) gives a right independent of a partition and its scope should
not be restricted by assuming a partition.”
This is the correct view of the law on Section 8(1)(d), and we
endorse it.
18. There is also another way of looking at the issue raised in the
present appeals. A partition of joint family property among brothers is
expressly mentioned in Section 8(1)(b). Therefore, upon partition of joint
family property between Thimmappa and his older brother, it is only their
mother, their unmarried sisters and widows and unmarried daughters of their
pre-deceased undivided brothers who have left no male issue who get a share
under the Section. Unlike sub-section (a), unmarried daughters of
Thimmappa do not get any share at the partition between Thimmappa and his
brother.
19. The ground on which the judgments below rested, namely Section
10(1)(g), was not even sought to be supported by Shri Bhat. And for a very
good reason. In order that Section 10(1)(g) apply, first and foremost the
property referred to is “stridhana” which is defined as property of every
description belonging to a Hindu female other than property in which she
has by law or under the terms of an instrument only a limited estate.
Under Section 10(1)(g) it is only property taken by inheritance by a female
from her husband that is included in stridhana. This would not include the
unmarried daughters as property taken by inheritance by a female from her
father is not included.
20. In this view of the matter, Shri Hegde is right in saying that the
succession to a Hindu male dying intestate will vest only in the widow
under Section 4(1)(ii) to the exclusion of the daughters who are mentioned
in a subsequent clause i.e. clause (iii) by virtue of the expression “in
the following order”. This being the case, it is clear that the appeals
will have to be allowed and the judgments of the courts below set aside.
The suit will stand dismissed as a consequence.
……………………J.
(Kurian Joseph)
……………………J.
(R.F. Nariman)
New Delhi;
January 12, 2016.
